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4110 calls these controlled and uncontrolled environ- same as the 1962 ANSI limit,which did not dis- ments. A controlled exposure occurs when a per- tinguish between controlled and uncontrolled son is aware of and can control the exposure.A exposures for all settings.At cellular frequencies, worker climbing a base station to install a new in terms of power flux density,the limit for con- antenna is in the controlled environment.An trolled exposures is about 2.9 milliwatts(2900 uncontrolled exposure is one where the person has microwatts)per square centimeter,averaged over no lmowledge or control over their exposure.Some- six minutes. For uncontrolled exposures,the limit one living near a base station experiences an is 0.58 milliwatts(or 580 microwatts)per square uncontrolled exposure.They may be aware there centimeter,averaged over 30 minutes.13 is a base station nearby,but they have no idea How did the standard-setting committee arrive at whether the base station is active at any given time. these values?To establish the limit for controlled The 1992 ANSI standard's limits for controlled exposures, the committee undertook an extensive exposures at cellular frequencies are essentially the critical review of the pertinent scientific literature APOUT ANSI ■Rigorous ANSi standards for due process have The American National Standards institute is the been met;and nation's preeminent private standard-coordinating •A consensus for approval exists among those body.ANSI is a nonprofit;privately funded member- directly and materially affected(persons represent- ship organization that coordinates the development ing organizations, companies,government agencies, of U.S. voluntary national standards and is the U.S. and individuals)who chose to participate in the representative to nontreaty international standards- approval process. setting entities including the International ANSI defines due process as follows: • Organization for Standardization(ISO)and the International Electrotechnical Commission.ANSi's Due process means that any person(organization, membership roster includes approximately 1300 company,government agency,individual,etc.) companies,250 professional,technical,trade, with a direct and material interest has a right to labor,and consumer organizations,and about 30 participate by (a)expressing a position and its government agencies.ANSI's key functions are: basis;(b)having that position considered;and(c) appealing if adversely affected.Due process allows ■To coordinate the self-regulating,due-process,con- for equity and fair play. sensus-based U.S. voluntary standards system; •To administer the development of standards and to To satisfy due process,standards-setting activities approve them as American National Standards; must be open and balanced. Open Hess means all persons directly and materially affected can par- •To provide the means for the U.S.to influence the ticipate without having to overcome undue finan- development of international and regional standards; tial or technical-qualification barriers,and without ■To disseminate information about national,regional, having to join any particular organization. There and international standards activities to U.S.indus- must be timely,clear notice to all known directly try;and and materially affected interests concerning any ■To promote awareness of the importance of proposed creation,revision,reaffirmation,or with- standards technology and its relationship to U.S drawal of a standard.Balance requires that varied global competitiveness. interests should participate in standards-setting, ANSI itself does not develop standards.Rather, with no single interest category dominating the Process.ii Before taking any action,a standards- ANSI accredits standards-developing bodies which include technical and professional societies, setting committee must find that consensus has and industry associations. Those bodies submit been achieved,meaning that substantial agreement candidate standards to ANSI for approval by has been reached.12 Any party disappointed with a standards committees. Volunteer experts from result may file an appeal to ANSI's Appeals Board. industry, nonprofit organizations,and government Every five years,each standard-setting committee agencies make up ANSi committees.ANSI com must review the ANSI standards within its jurisdic- mittees consider comments from all who make tion. The committee can recertify the standard, submissions,keep records of their proceedings, adopt an entirely new one,or make such changes and adopt standards if they find that as are appropriate. 19