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E-cigarettes: an evidence update <br /> <br />74 <br />Study Participants EC Device Methods Results <br />Used EC <br />for 4.7 <br />months <br />Nides et al <br />2014 [116] <br />29 <br />smokers, <br />55% used <br />EC in <br />past <br />NJOY®King Bold <br />(cigalike) 26mg <br />EC ad lib 1 week, 12 h <br />abstinence. 2x10 puffs <br />(30 sec inter-puff <br />interval) 60 mins apart <br />Blood before and 5, 10, <br />15, 30 minutes after <br />N=16 had no <br />baseline plasma <br />nicotine <br />Rise 5 min after <br />first puffs: 3.5 <br />ng/ml; after <br />second puffs: 5.1 <br />ng/ml <br />Norton et <br />al 2014 <br />[112] <br />16 <br />smokers <br />Smoke 51 TRIO <br />(cigalike) 11 <br />mg/ml <br />Day 1: own brand, <br />saliva sample <br />Given EC and stopped <br />smoking. Saliva at day <br />5. Analysis of 16 who <br />abstained from smoking <br />for 72 hours <br />Significant <br />decrease in saliva <br />cotinine between <br />baseline (338.0 <br />ng/ml) and day 5 <br />(178.4 ng/ml), <br />p<0.001 <br />Hecht et al <br />2014 [111] <br />28 vapers <br />(median 9 <br />months), <br />96% daily <br />users <br />Average nicotine <br />12.5 +/- 7.0 mg/ml <br />All tank system <br />EC <br />Measured toxicants, <br />carcinogens, nicotine <br />and cotinine in urine <br />Nicotine: 869 <br />ng/ml <br />Cotinine: 1880 <br />Smokers normally <br />Nicotine: 1380 <br />ng/ml, cotinine: <br />3930 ng/ml <br />Hajek et al <br />2014 [115] <br />40 <br />smokers, <br />Greensmoke <br />(cigalike) EC <br />(2.4% nicotine) <br /> <br />Overnight abstinence <br />Baseline blood, first EC <br />use ad-lib 5 mins, blood <br />at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and <br />60 mins. Repeated <br />after 4-weeks of ad lib <br />use <br />Baseline: Cmax: <br />4.6, Tmax: 5, <br />AUC: 96 <br />4-weeks: Cmax: <br />5.7, Tmax: 5, <br />AUC: 142 <br />Farsalinos <br />et al 2014 <br />[122] <br />N=23 <br />vapers <br />(19 <br />months <br />use) <br />A: V2 (cigalike) <br /> <br />B: Tank system <br />EVIC at 9 watts, <br />EVOD <br />Same 18mg/ml <br />liquid <br />Abstained for 8 hrs <br />Blood baseline and <br />after 10 puffs over 5 <br />mins, 1 h ad lib, blood <br />every 15 mins <br />A:5 mins: 4.9 <br />ng/ml <br />1h: 15.8 ng/ml <br /> <br />B: 5 mins: 6.6 <br />ng/ml <br />1h: 23.5 ng/ml <br />Oncken et <br />al 2015 <br />[123] <br />N=20 <br />smokers <br />given EC <br />for 2 <br />weeks <br />Menthol or non- <br />menthol tank <br />system with <br />18mg/ml liquid <br />Blood baseline, 5 min <br />ad lib vaping, blood at <br />5,10,15,20,30 min <br />At 5 min nicotine <br />increased by 4-5 <br />ng/ml <br /> <br /> <br />Summary of findings <br />The accuracy of labelling of nicotine content currently raises no major concerns. Poorly <br />labelled e-liquid and e-cartridges mostly contained less nicotine than declared. EC used <br />as intended poses no risk of nicotine poisoning to users. However, e -liquids should be <br />in ‘childproof’ packaging.