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E-cigarettes: an evidence update 66 Table 6: Nicotine in refill solutions, cartridges and aerosols of e-cigarette products (Adjusted from Cheng et al. 2014) Study Matrix Units Nicotine level Maximum deviation from label* Westenberger [85] Cartridge mg/cartridge 0.00 to 6.76 N.A. Aerosol μg/100mLpuff 0.35 to 43.2 N.A. Refill solution μg/mL N.D. to 25.6 N.A. Cartridge mg/cartridge 0.00 to 6.76 N.A. Cobb et al [86] Cartridge mg/cartridge 3.23±0.5 to 4.07±0.54 –80 to –77%† Aerosol μg/35 mL puff 0.3 for puffs 11 to 50 to 1 for puffs 1 to 10 N.A. Trehy et al [87] Refill solutions mg/mL 0 to 25.6 –100 to 100%† Cartridge mg/cartridge 0 to 21.8 –100 to 100%† Aerosol μg/100 mL puff 0 to 43.2 N.A. Cheah et al [88] Cartridge mg/cartridge 0.00 to 15.3 –89 to 105%† Pellegrino et al [89] Cartridge % W/W <0.001 to 0.25 N.A. Aerosol mg/m3 <0.01 to 6.21 N.A. McAuley et al [90] Indoor air ng/L 538 to 8770 N.A. Goniewicz et al [91] Refill solution mg 0±0.0 to 25±1.1 –75 to 28% Cartridge mg 0±0.0 to 19±0.5 –89 to 25% Aerosol mg/150 puffs 0.3±0.2 to 8.7±1.0 N.A. Etter et al [92] Refill solution mg/mL N.D. to 29.0 –15 to 21%† Kirschner et al [93] Refill solution mg/mL 14.8±0.2 to 87.2±2.7 –50 to 40%† Cameron et al [94] Refill solution mg/mL 8.5±0.16 to 22.2±0.62 –66 to 42%† Goniewicz et al [95] Liquids mg/mL N.D. to 36.6 (150.3 ‘pure nicotine’) -92 to 104% Geiss et al [96] Liquids mg/mL N.D. to 20.8 -0 to 16% Kavvalakis et al [97] Liquids %w/v 1.01 to 1.62 -17 to +6% Farsalinos et al [98] Liquids mg/ml Labelled 12-18 -21 to +22% *Deviation from label = (measured value – labelled value) * 100/labelled value. †Calculation performed by this analysis based on reported data in each study. N.A. = not available; N.D. = none detected.