|
CONCLUSIONS
<br />There are no experimental data to support the hypothesis that in-
<br />creases in human hydrocarbon use or in atmospheric cazbon dioxide
<br />and other greenhouse gases are causing or can be expected to cause
<br />unfavorable changes in global temperatures, weather, or landscape.
<br />There is no reason to limit human production of COz, CH4, and other
<br />minor greenhouse gases as has been proposed (82,83,97,123).
<br />We also need not worry about environmental calamities even if
<br />the current natural warming trend continues. The Earth has been
<br />much warmer during the past 3,000 years without catastrophic ef-
<br />fects. Warmer weather extends growing seasons and generally im-
<br />proves the habitability of colder regions.
<br />As coal, oil, and natural gas are used to feed and lift from poverty
<br />vast numbers of people across the globe, more C02 will be released
<br />into the atmosphere. This will help to maintain and improve the
<br />health, longevity, prosperity, and productivity of all people.
<br />The United States and other countries need to produce more en-
<br />ergy, not less. The most practical, economical, and environmentally
<br />sound methods available are hydrocazbon and nuclear technologies.
<br />Human use of coal, oil, and natural gas has not harmfully warmed
<br />the Earth, and the extrapolation of current trends shows that it will
<br />not do so in the foreseeable future. The C02 produced does, how-
<br />ever, accelerate the growth rates of plants and also permits plants to
<br />grow in drier regions. Animal life, which depends upon plants, also
<br />flourishes, and the diversity of plant and animal life is increased.
<br />Human activities are producing part of the rise in C02 in the at-
<br />mosphere. Mankind is moving the carbon in coal, oil, and natural gas
<br />from below ground to the atmosphere, where it is available for con-
<br />version into living things. We are living in an increasingly lush envi-
<br />ronment of plants and animals as a result of this C02 increase. Our
<br />children will therefore enjoy an Earth with far more plant and animal
<br />life than that with which we now aze blessed.
<br />REFERENCES
<br />L Robinson, A. B., Bahunas, S. L., Sooq W., and Robinsoq Z. W. (1998) Journal ajAmencan Phy-
<br />siciansand Surgeons 3, 171-178.
<br />2. Sooq W., Bahuoas, S. L., Robinsoq A. B., and Robinsoq Z. W. (1999) Climate Res. 13, 149-164.
<br />3. Keigwin, L. D. (1996) Science 274, 1504-1508. flpJ/BP.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/daG/paleo/contribu-
<br />tions by_author/keigwm1996/
<br />4.Oerlemams, J. (2005) Science 308 675fi77.
<br />5. Oerlemanns, l., Bjornssoq H., Kuhn, M., Obleitirer, F., Palssoq F., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Vugts, H.
<br />F., and De Worle, J. (1999) B LayrrMeteorology 92 3-26.
<br />6. Greuell, W. and Smeels, P. (2001)otm J~ G physical Res. 106, 31717-31727.
<br />7. Harland, G., Bodeq T. A., and Andres, R. 1. (2007) Gobal, Re noel, and National C02 Earis-
<br />stons. In Trends: A Compendium o(Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analy-
<br />sis Cen[er,0ak Ridge National I-abo~atory, U.S. Deparnnent of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA,
<br />ical Research Leaers 32, 2005G1
<br />K. H. (1993) J. Geophysical Res.
<br />Imp://www.ncde.nose.gov/oa/climateJreseerch/anomalies/anomalies.html~and NASA GISS
<br />hug://data.ggtrss.sass.gov/g~stemp/~rapha/Frg.D.btt.
<br />11. Sooq W. Balimas, S., Idso C. Idso, S., and Legates D. R. (2003) En & Env. 14 233-296.
<br />12. Idso, S. ~. and Idso, C. D. 000"7) Center for Stuly of Carbon Dioxr a sad Glottal Change
<br />hOp://www.co2science.or~~r//scnpts/C02ScienceB2Geducation/repods/hansen/hansencritique.jsp.
<br />l3. Grovemm, B. S. and LandsberK H. E. (1979) Geoph ical Research Letters ti, 767-769.
<br />l4. Esper, J., Cook, E. R., and Schweingmber, F. H. (2002) Science 295, 2250-2253.
<br />I5. Taq M., Hoq J., and Liu, T. (2004) Geophysical Research Leaers 31, 2003GL019085.
<br />16. Newwn, A. ThuneB R., and Stott, L. (2006) Geophysical Research Leaers 33 2006GL027234.
<br />17. Akasofu §.-L. (20b7) International Arctic Research Center, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks
<br />h //www.iarc.uafedwiti¢~hhhghtst2007/akasofu 3 07/Earth recovering_&om_L[A R.pdf
<br />l8. Teller, E. Wood, L, and $yde, R. (1997) 22ndTni-emationarSeminaz on Planetary Emergencies,
<br />Erice, [taty Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-JGI287I5, 1-18.
<br />19. Sooq W. 0007)pn vale communication.
<br />20. U.S. National CIirnatic Data Center, U.S. De ent of Commerce 2006 Climate Review.
<br />hOp://lwfncdc.noaa. ov/oa/climak/research/ /na.htrnl
<br />21. Landsea, C. W. (200 EOS 88 No. 18, 197, 2
<br />22. Landsea, C. W, Nie oils, N., Gray, W. M, and Avila, L. A. (1996) Geophysical Research
<br />Leaers 23 1697-1700.
<br />23. Goldenberg, S. B., Landsea, C. W., Mesta-Nudez, A. M., and Gray, W. M. (2001) Science 293,
<br />47479.
<br />24. Jevre11'evaa,, S. Grinsted, A., Moore, J. C. and Holgate, S. (2006) J. Geophysical Res. 111,
<br />20051000329.hnp://www.ppooLac.uk/psmsl/audtor atchivefevreleva etal sU
<br />25. Leuliette, E. W, Nerem, R S., and Mitcham, G. lr (2004) Marme Geodesy 27, No. 1-2, 79-94.
<br />ht[p://sealevel.colorrdo.edu/
<br />26. Lamb, H. H. 1982) Climate, History, and the Modern World, Metlmeq New York.
<br />27. Essex C., Mc 'trick, R., and Andresen, B. (200 J. Non-Equilibrium Therm. 32 1-27.
<br />28. PolyalCOV, L V, Be R. V., Alekseev, G.~ Bhatt, U. S, Colony, R L., lohnsoq M. A.,
<br />Meskshtas, A. P., sad Walsh, D. (2003) Journal of Climate 16, 2067-2077.
<br />29. Christy, 1. R. Nonis, W. B., Spencer, R. W., and Hnilo, 1. J. (2007) J. Geophysical Res. 112,
<br />2005 8~1. httpJ/vortexnsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/t2lt/uahncdc.
<br />30. Spencer R. W. and Christy, J. R (-992)) Journal o(Climate 5, 847-866.
<br />3l. Christyry ~J. R. (1995) Climatic Change 31, 455-07d.
<br />32. Zhur P.~ Hack, J. J, Kiehl, J. T. and BeRhertoq C. S. ((2007) J. Geophysical Res., in press.
<br />33. Ba11~~~, Jr., R. C. (1992) The Fteated Debate Pacific Research Institute.
<br />34. Friis-Christensen, E. and Lasseq K. (1991) Science 254 698-700.
<br />35. Baliunas, S. and Sooq W. (19951 Astrophysical Journa1450, 896-901.
<br />36. Nett: U., Bums, 5.1., Mangini, A., MudeLsee, M., Fleitmann, D., and Matter, A. (2001) Nature
<br />37. Jung, H., Eirikssoq 1., Schulz M., Knudsen, K. and Seidenkranlz, M. (2005) Geology 33, 73-76.
<br />38. Maasch. K. A, et aL (1A05) ~grs~iska Annaler 87A, 7-15.
<br />39. Wang, Y Cheng H.,Fdwazds R. L He, Y., Kong, X., Aq Z., Wu, J., Kelly, M. J., Dykoski, C.
<br />A. and Ll X. (2005) Science X08, 854-857.
<br />40. Baliunas, ~ L. et al. (I995)AstrophysrcalJournal438 269-287.
<br />41. Fenmq L. K., Geissler P. E., and Haberle, R. M. (2007] Nature 446, 646-649.
<br />42. Marcus, P. S. ((2004) Ifature 428 828-831.
<br />43. Hammel H. g Lynch, D. K., [~usael R W., Sitko, M. L., Bernstein, L. 5., and Hewagama, T.
<br />(2006) ~stropphysu~l Journa1644, 136-1333.
<br />44. Hammel, H. B., and Lockwood, G. W. (2007) Geophysical Research Leaers 34, 2006GL028764.
<br />45. Elliot, J. L., et. al. 1998 Nature 393, 765-767.
<br />46. Elliot, J. L., et. al. 2003 Nature 424 165-168.
<br />47. Sicardy, B., et. al. 2003 Nature 424, 168-170.
<br />48. Elliot, J. L., et. al. 2007 AstronomrcalJournal 134, 1-13.
<br />49. Camp C. D. and ung, K. (200'J~ Geophysical Research Leaers 34, 2007GIA30207.
<br />50. Scafetta, N. and West, B. 1. (2006) Geophysical Research Leaers 33, 2006GL027142.
<br />5l. Goodridgge, J. D. (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 3-4; Goodridge J. D. (1998) private comm.
<br />52. Christy, J. R. and Goodndge, J. D. (1995) Ahn. Envirn. 29, 1957-191.
<br />53. Hanseq J. and Lebedetf S (198 J. Geophysical Res. 92, 13345-13372.
<br />54. Hansen, J. and Lebedeft; S. (19883 Creophysisal Research Letters 15, 323-326.
<br />55. Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., and Sato, M. (1996) Geophysical Research Letters 23, 1665-1668;
<br />hap://www. aa.nasa.gnv/data/~~stemp/
<br />56. Sehimel, D. ~ (1995) Global Change Biology 1, 77-91.
<br />57. Houghtont ~R. A. (2007) Annual Review ojEarth and Planetary Sciences 35, 313-347.
<br />58. Jaworowsxy Z., Seaalsmd, T. V., and Ono, N. (1992) Scieue ofthe Total Environ. 114, 227-284.
<br />59. Segalstad, T. V. (11998) Global Warming the Continuing ebate, Cambridge UK: European
<br />Science and Environment Fomm, ed. R. Bate, 184-218.
<br />60. Berner, R. A. (199 Science 276, 544-545.
<br />61. Retallack, G. 1. (2~1) Nature 411, 287-290.
<br />62. Rothman D. H. (22000022) Proc. Natl. Arad Sci. USA 99, 4167-4171.
<br />63. Pefit et al., (1999) Nature 399, 429-436.
<br />64. Sieggen~thaler, U. et al. 21105) Science 310, 1313-1317.
<br />65. Spalvn, R., et a(. (20055 Science 310, f 317-1321.
<br />66. Saoq W. (2007) Phvsica[ Geo~aph , in Tess.
<br />67. Denis er, M D. and Ghill, M. 1998~TelPus, 506, 1-24.
<br />68. Kuo, , L C. R., and mansn,, D. J. (1990) Nature 343, 709-714.
<br />69. Revelle, R. and uess, H. E. (195 Tellus 9, 18-27.
<br />70. Yamashita, E. Fujiwara, F., Liq ~ and Ohtaki, E. (1993) J. Oceanography 49 559-569.
<br />7l. Keeling, C b. and Whorl; T. P. (1997) Trends Online: A Compendium oj'L1ata on Global
<br />Chan~es_Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory;
<br />72. Schneider, D. P. et al.-(2006) Geophysical Researcr Leaers 33, 2006GL027057.
<br />73. Archer, D. ((2005) J. Geophysisallktes. 110, 200410002625.
<br />74. Faraday, M. (1860) The Chemical History oja Candle, C1vis6rras Lectures, Royal InstiNtion,
<br />London.
<br />75. Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., and Stroeve, J. (2007) Science 315, 1533-1536.
<br />76. Bentley, C. R. (1997) Science 275 1077-1078.
<br />77. Nicholls K. W. (1947) Nature 3873 46062.
<br />78. Davis C. H., Li, Y., McConnell, J. R., Frey, M. M., and Hanna, E. (2005) Science 308,
<br />1898-1901.
<br />79. Mooaghaq A. J. et al. (2006) Science 313, 827-831.
<br />80. Kullmarr, L. ((200''~ Nordic Journal o((Botany 24, 445-467.
<br />81. Lindzeq R. 5 (1944)Ann. ReviewF7uidMeeh. 26 353-379.
<br />82. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR41, Workinft ~iroup L Re rt (200
<br />83. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framewo Convention on nee Change (1997).
<br />84. Suq D. Z. and Lindzeq R. S. 1993) Ann. Geophysicae 11, 204-215.
<br />85. Spicer, R. W. and Braswell, ~ D. (1997) Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc. 78, 1097-1106.
<br />86. Idso, S. B. ((1998) Climate Res. 10, 69-82.
<br />87. Soon, W., Baliunas, S., Idso, S. B., Kondratyev, K. Ya., and Posmentier, E. S. (2001) Climate
<br />Res. 18, 259-275.
<br />88. Lindzeq R. S. (1996) Climate Sensitivity ojRadlative Perturbations: Physical Mechanisms and
<br />7lrerr VVaIulaaon, NATO ASl Series 134, ed. H. Le Treat, Berlin: Springer-Verla¢, S 1-66.
<br />89. Rermo, N.O. Emanuel, K. A., and Stone P. H. (1994) J. Geophysical Res. 99, 14429-14441.
<br />90. Sodeq B. J. 2000) Journal ofClimale 1 ~, 538-349.
<br />91. Lindzeq R. Chou, M., and Hoq A. Y. (2001) Bull. Amer. Metearlo al Soc. 82, 417-432.
<br />92. Spencer R ~'., Braswell, W. D., Christy, J. ., and Hnilo, J. (Z00'~Geophysical Research
<br />Leaers ~4, 21107GLIr29698.
<br />93. Lindzeq R. S. (1995), personal communication.
<br />94. Khalil, M. A. iC Butenhoff, C. L., and Rasmusseq R. A. (2007) Environmental Science and
<br />Technolagy 41, 2131-2137.
<br />95. Annual Energy Review U.S. Energy Information Admm., Report No. DOFJEIA-0384 (2006).
<br />96. Essex, C., Ihe, S., and ~orless, R. M (2007) J. Geopphysical Nes., in press.
<br />97. Gore, A. (2006)AnlneonvenientTnah, Rodale, NY.
<br />98. Penner, S S., Schneider A. M., and Keenedyy, E. M. (1984) Acta Astronautics 11, 345-348.
<br />99. Cruhen P. 1. 2006) Climatic Change 77, 2l 1-219.
<br />100. Idso, ~. B. l 89 Carbon Diaside and GJoba! Change: Earth in Transition IBR Press.
<br />101. Lan, S. H. ((200' Logarithmic Response and Climate Sensitivity ojAanospherrc COs, I-15,
<br />www.princetoaedW-lam/documeuts/LamAu~p7bs.pdf.
<br />102. Lindzen, R. S. (2005) Prot. 34th Int. Seen. Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, ed. R.
<br />Raiga~na, World Scientific Publishing Singapore, 189-210.
<br />103. Kimball, B. A. (1983)) Agron. J. 75, 779-788.
<br />104. Cure, 1. D. and Acock, l3. (1986) Agr Forest Meleorol 8, 127-145.
<br />105. Mortensen, L. M. 1988 Sci. Hort. 3 1-25.
<br />106. Lawlor, D. W. and Mit~ell, R A. C. 1991) Plan Cell and Environ. 14, 807-818.
<br />107. Drake, B. G. and Ixadl P. W. (199 )Plant, Ce~l and Environ. 14, 853-860.
<br />108. Gifford, R. M. (1992) A~. Bioclim. 1, 24-58.
<br />109. Poorter H. (1993) Yegetatio 104-105, 77-97.
<br />1 l0. Graybi~l, D. A. and Idso, S. B. (1993 Global Bio eochem. Cyc. 7, 81-95.
<br />I l 1. Waddell, K. L., Oswald, D. D., and owe0 D. S. 1987) Forest Statistics ojthe United Slates,
<br />U.S. Forest Service and Deppt of Agriculture.
<br />112. Smith, W. B., Miles, P. D., Vissage, J. S., and l'rw.lt. S. A. (2002) Forest Resources ojthe
<br />United States, U.S. Forest Service and Dept of tCgigituc~l~ure.
<br />l 13. Grace, l Lloyd, J., Mclntyre,l., Miranda, A. C., Mev, P., Miranda, H. S., Nobre, C., Moncrieff,
<br />1. Masstieder, J., Malhi Y. Wright, l., and Garb, 1. (1995) Science 270, 778-780.
<br />114. [~so K E. and Ldso, S. (1974) Agr. Forest Meteor. 69 153-203.
<br />115. Kim6a11, B.A., Pinter Jc, P. J., Huasaker, D. J., WaO, d. W. G., LaMorte R L., Wechsung, G.,
<br />Wechsung, F, and Kartsch~L T. (1995) Global ChangeBiolog~ 1 429-442.
<br />l l6. Pinter J. P Kimball, B. A., Garcia, R. L Wall, G. W. Hunsaker, ~.1., and LaMorte, R. L.
<br />(1996 Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems 215-250, Koch and Mooney, Acad. Press.
<br />117. Idso, . B. and Kimball, B. A. (1991 Agr. Foust Meteor. 55 345-349.
<br />118. Idso, S. B. and Kimball, 8. A. (1994 J. er. Botany 45, Id69-1692.
<br />l l9. Idso, S. B. and KimbaO, B. A., ((199 Global Change Biol. 3, 89-96.
<br />120. McNanrthtoq 5.1., Oea[erhold,M., F1rank. D. A., and Williams, K. J. (1989) Nature 341,
<br />142-14444
<br />121. Cyr, H. and Pace, M. L. (1993) Nature 361, 148-150.
<br />122. Schemer, S. M. and Rey-Beoayaa,l. M. (1994) Evol. Ecol. 8, 331-347.
<br />123. Gore, A., Petostr',, N., and Reid, H. (June S9, 2007) The Seven Poira Live Ear/h Pledge. Speaker
<br />of the House Websrte, www.spealcer gov. and www.liveearth.otg.
<br />124. Beckmann, P. (1985) The Health Hazards o(NOT Going Nuclear, Golem, Boulder, Colorado.
<br />125. American Nuclear Society Nuclear News (1/07) March, 46-48.
<br />126. McNa~a, B. (2006) Lealxook Computing, umemouth. England.
<br />127. Projected Costs ojGenerating Electncity: Z pdate (2005), Paris: Nuclear Energy Agency,
<br />OECD Publication No. 53955 2005, Paris.
<br />128. Penner, S. S. ((1998) Energy 23, 71-78.
<br />129. Posner, B. (2(JO L+'quid Coal, Fort Myers, FI, www.liquidcoal.com.
<br />130. Ausubel,. J. H. (200"7) /nR J. Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology 1, 229-243.
<br />l3 L Penner, S. S. 2006 Energy
<br />132. Siaroq 1. L. ( 996))7Re U(tima'te Resource 2, Princeton Univ. Press, Princetoq New Jersey.
<br />-12-
<br />
|