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smooth sumac does not require herbicide applications, since that would require a <br />tremendous amount of herbicide, be quite labor intensive, and probably cause heavy <br />damage to surrounding plants. Control of smooth sumac can be easily accomplished by <br />cutting and burning, or a combination of these two methods. To be effective, the sumac <br />must be burned or cut twice a year: the first time in the late spring, just after it has fully <br />leafed out (expended maximum energy), and the second time in late summer, after it has <br />re -sprouted. Repeat this method annually for two to five years to deplete the clone of its <br />energy, working back at the edges of the clone and reducing cover from the outside of the <br />area towards the center. If cutting or burning is performed only once a s ason, the clone <br />will persist, since this will not be enough to drain the root system of st energy. Cutting <br />APW-twice a year without burning will be effective, but burning is doubly , since fire tends to <br />benefit herbaceous plants and suppress woody ones. <br />Disposal <br />The easiest and most cost-effective method to handle 1 <br />usually to stack it and burn it. This is most typically <br />impacts to soil (compaction, erosion, rutting, etc.), <br />after the removal and burned during the winter. In ar( <br />be cut up into smaller pieces, scattered, and left on the <br />one to three years (this method is especiful on <br />Small brush piles can also be left in the lii <br />abundance of larger trees, cut trees maybe ule <br />biofuel. Alternatively, the wood can be cut a u for <br />found, or perhaps saved to be���later as bars f <br />FORBS <br />amounts of woodlWsli is <br />durilLwinter to less9n the <br />oft sh will be piled soon <br />re brush is not dense, it can <br />here it will decompose in <br />pe ce erosion potential). <br />rover ere there is an <br />Wd and used for mulch or as a <br />od, if a recipient can be <br />slope stabilization. <br />Spotted knopwe <br />Knapweed i ere ec7 s become a troublesome prairie invader. Of all the <br />typical p e weeds, s d kna eed is probably the most difficult to manage. It cannot <br />be con with burnin like sweet clover it actually increases with fire. Hand -pulling <br />individuals small group f individuals can be effective for small infestations, and is <br />often a good voWnteer gr6Up task. However, knapweed has a fairly large tap root and can <br />be difficult to pull. Polling is typically more difficult when soil is hard (dry), clayey, or <br />compacted, but easier when soil is wet (following a rain), sandy, and friable. If knapweed <br />populations are large, a bio -control (knapweed beetles --weevils) is recommended. <br />Knapweed beetles (weevils) are released during the summer. Weevils can be purchased <br />online and they are sent via the mail. Knapweed populations should be monitored each <br />year to keep a record of the effectiveness of the bio -control. <br />Weevils are effective for long-term control, but not a good short-term control option. Spot <br />treatment with a systemic herbicide such as milestone or transline can be effective for <br />short-term control. Applying herbicide to prairie restoration areas should be done with <br />Friends of the Mississippi <br />W.H. Houlton Conservation Area NRMP <br />