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protect against erosion. Access along mowed areas and field edges provides many possible <br />areas to utilize a chipper. <br />Once the first phase of removal is complete, yearly follow-up treatments will be necessary. <br />If done correctly, stump -sprouting should only occur in small numbers (if at all), though <br />these sprouts will need to be treated by mowing, cut and paint herbicide application, or <br />foliar spray. The seedbank will be more problematic, as buckthorn seeds can remain viable <br />for at least five years. Treating germinating seedlings will be a difficult and repetitive <br />process, but can be accomplished through foliar herbicide application. Pr scribed fire is a <br />seedlings management option in drier areas, but will be difficult in ma he wetter <br />floodplain areas. Prescribed burns should occur in the spring if pos ' e, w ien buckthorn is <br />actively growing and its carbohydrate stores are low. In the mor reas of the <br />property, seeding will be necessary after buckthorn removal. er o e plants will <br />help to fill unoccupied niches and compete with and suppress inati ckthorn <br />seedlings. <br />Native Shrub Control (optional but encouraged - <br />Aggressive native shrubs such as prickly ash and smootlq <br />and budget allows. Prickly ash, a native sh ub of open we <br />controlled in areas that it is overabunda a farm <br />encroaching into the restored savanna an r s. <br />recommended to control overabundant no atio <br />Burning will top -kill prickly ash, but will <br />Grass Control, Burning <br />Smooth brome (Brom&9 <br />species are present along <br />with floodplain fo t sur <br />will aid in su <br />still establiArina. A <br />Sp <br />the <br />wer <br />ac can be controlled if time <br />sand savannas, can be <br />s will keep it from <br />i and treating of stumps is <br />ication is not recommended. <br />allows) <br />and other undesirable herbaceous <br />edg�eTT fn the savanna pockets that are interspersed <br />the farm field. Reducing or eliminating these species <br />-e*n n and prevent early invasion when the savanna is <br />in o raying and burning will help to control undesirable <br />for any necessary seeding. First attempts should be late <br />season bu hich are bVbficial because they more completely deplete plants of energy <br />reserves by ng thlbiomass of the topgrowth. Early season burns will only destroy <br />what little topgi h ormed at that early part of the growing season. However, late <br />season burns are a ore damaging to native forbs, so it is recommended to switch to <br />early season burns successive years, once smooth brome has been controlled. Once <br />native cover is established, a regular burning cycle of 3 to 5 years can be implemented. If <br />late -season burning alone proves to be unsuccessful at controlling exotic grasses, then spot <br />treatments of herbicide can be performed. Care should be taken to reduce collateral <br />damage to native plants (Appendix A). <br />Seeding will be necessary for savanna pockets surrounding the farm field, since there is <br />relatively low native cover in those areas. Where brome is present, seeding should occur <br />immediately following prescribed burns. Seed can be collected from local prairie/savanna <br />Friends of the Mississippi <br />M� <br />W.H. Houlton Conservation Area NRMP <br />