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have been an historical component of these areas, without fire to keep it in check, it has <br />proliferated and continues to encroach on these areas. Moreover, the current woody <br />species are mostly non-native and not indicative of historical woody composition in <br />grassland areas. <br />While the density of woody species in the main grassland is still within what might have <br />been present historically, the woody species composition is different from what was likely <br />present historically. Historically, scattered bur oak in the canopy were likely interspersed <br />with a mix of sumac, chokecherry and hazelnut in the shrub layer.While ese species are <br />largely absent (though sumac is present in some areas), this area still is a nice <br />opportunity to jump-start prairie/savanna restoration on the site ao increase diversity <br />and functionality of this existing savanna area. <br />Photo 22. Grassland area <br />k <br />Friends of the Mississippi <br />-native woody species <br />49 <br />W.H. Houlton Conservation Area NRMP <br />