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4 ' garlic mustard plants,take care to remove the entire root, since they may re-sprout if part of the root is left in the ground. This can be difficult,since roots are"S- shaped"and tend to break off at ground level. P Chemical control is not recommended except in cases where garlic mustard is growing in large monocultural patches. In such cases,a systemic herbicide may be appropriate. Glyphosate is non-specific,and will kill any actively growing plant. One technique that has been effective is applying a water soluble herbicide during warm days in the winter,when no snow cover or only a thin snow cover exists. Garlic mustard rosettes (first year plants) remain green mostly all year round,and can be killed during the winter when nearly all other plants are dormant. Another successful technique is to use an herbicide specific to broadleaved plants,like triclopyr ("Garlon"),but one that is water soluble,which can be dispensed with a backpack sprayer or the like; this will not kill grasses or sedges. There are studies underway by the Minnesota DNR and University of Minnesota that show good potential for bio-control of garlic mustard via an exotic weevil (http://www.legacy.leg.mn/projects/biological-control-european-buckthorn-and- garlic-mustard).The testing phase is complete,but the approval process still needs to be performed. If approved,this method could revolutionize garlic mustard control. However,whether it will be effective or not on a landscape scale is yet to be determined. GRASSES Smooth brome Smooth brome is a cool season grass—active early in the growing season in southern Minnesota (April-May-June) and then going semi-dormant in July- September. It reproduces by means of underground stems (stolons and rhizomes) called"tillers".The most effective treatment is timed to occur at the same time as the brome is "tillering"—mid to late May in southern Minnesota. Burning two years in a row (late-season burns in June) followed by seeding has been shown to be effective in controlling smooth brome. Consider that this timing may be a week or two earlier on steep south-facing slopes or in very sandy or sand-gravel soils. Following this method will usually be sufficient to control smooth brome. Seeding following burns,preferably with native seed collected on-site, or purchased from a seller that provides local ecotypes,is important for restoring cover at the site. Evaluation can occur each year,and especially after two years. If this is not working, perhaps try a cool-season overspray of a grass-specific herbicide either in the spring (April) or in the fall (October). Using glyphosate as a cool-season overspray herbicide application is a last resort, since it is non-specific and can kill everything. Kentucky bluegrass and creeping fescue can be treated similarly to smooth brome, since like smooth brome,they are both exotic,stoloniferous, cool-season grasses. Spring burns are the most effective tool against all of these species. Friends of the Mississippi River Bailey Point Nature Preserve NRMP 81